Calamites
Stem of a giant horsetail fern. Very well preserved on both sides.
Age: Upper Carboniferous
Locality: Piesberg, Osnabrück, Germany
Size: 11.5 x 12 cm
Plants like these and Lepidodendron formed the first forests on earth, which had a huge impact on life on dry land. Forests form rich soils, provide a habitat for animals from root to crown, provide a large amount of biomass and can even create their own microclimate. Because initially only very few animals could digest cellulose and lignine, many plants were buried and fossilized as coal. This removed so much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere that towards the end of the carboniferous temperatures dropped and ice caps formed at the poles.
The colors on pictures can differ from the originals for technical reasons.
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